![]() Use as prescribed or misuse can be accompanied by the following effects (NIDA, 2018):ĭrugs in this group are potentially addictive, some with much greater addictive potential than others. The effects at low doses are not unlike the effects of alcohol-impaired cognitive and motor functioning-and the sedating effect of many antihistamines. The CNS effects of sedative-hypnotic compounds occur on a continuum, “depending on the dose, beginning with calming and extending progressively to sleep, unconsciousness, coma, surgical anesthesia, and, ultimately, to fatal respiratory and cardiovascular depression” (Dupont & Dupont, 2005, p. The age group most likely to report past year misuse of these substances occurred among emerging adults aged 18-25 years. However, in the past year, 2.0% reported benzodiazepine misuse, 2.1% reported tranquilizer misuse, and 0.5% reported sedative misuse. According to data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2019), an estimated 0.7% of individuals aged 12 and older engaged in the current (past month) misuse of these types of substances during 2018. In the United States, the misuse of tranquilizers or sedatives is less common than for many other types of psychoactive substances. Anesthetics used in medical (and veterinary) settings may be in an oral form or a form to be injected, administered intravenously (IV e.g., propofol), or inhaled as a gas (e.g., nitrous oxide). Less commonly used outside of medical/hospital settings are anesthetic drugs, such as propofol (contributing to the death of singer Michael Jackson). They also involve additional health risks-such as, risk of infection and communicable disease transmission (HIV, hepatitis) from shared needles. These modes of administration bypass the digestive system and produce a more immediate and possibly more intense response. However, a form of misuse involves crushing the pills or emptying the contents of a capsule and either inhaling (“snorting”) or injecting the contents. ![]() Since these drugs are most often prepared in pill, capsule, or liquid form, they are most often swallowed. non- benzodiazipine sedative hypnotics/sleep medication s (zolpidem/Ambien®, eszopiclone/Lunesta®, zaleplon/Sonata®).barbiturates (e.g., mephobarbital/Mebaral®, phenobarbital/Lumninal®, pentobarbitol sodium/Nembutal®, amobarbital/Amytal®, butabarbital/Butisol®).benzodiaz e pines (e.g., diazepam/Valium®, clonazepam/Klonopin®, alprazolam/Xanax®, lorazepam/Ativan®, triazolam/Halcion®, estazolam/Prosom®/, chlorodiazepoxide/Librium®).Sedative compounds produce a calming effect, reducing excitability in the central nervous system, while h ypnotic compounds induce sleep or intense drowsiness (Dupont & Dupont, 2005 NIDA, 2018)-switching off brain activity.Ĭommon forms of sedative-hypnotic and CNS depressants, other than alcohol, identified by NIDA (2018) include: ![]() These types of drugs are often used medically in the treatment or management of conditions like anxiety or panic disorders (anxiolytics), acute stress, insomnia (sleeplessness/sleep disorder), epilepsy/seizure disorders, or muscle spasms (tranquilizers). The result is a general calming influence on anxiety and acute stress reactions sleepiness or drowsiness may also be induced. This effect is typically mediated through enhancing the activity of GABA neurotransmitter activity (Begun, 2020)-GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is one of the brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitters and plays a key role in the regulation of anxiety ( ). Sedative-hypnotic, tranquilizer, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs slow down brain activity, calming brain excitability. 13.1: Sedative-Hypnotics and CNS Depressants What a re Sedative-Hypnotics and CNS Depressants? Chapter 13.0: Introduction to Sedative HypnoticsĬh.
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